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I've used Elementor, but want to figure out how to do something like this, as the subject says, with a minimum of add-ons or code. I tried with the built-in editor – blocks? I don't think it's Gutenberg… ?
Didn't even get close to getting a layout like this.
To clarify: without using Elementor.
Anyway… any suggestions appreciated.

Any editor should do this easily. Try separate page in to section, each section can have multiple columns.
First section just Image in full-width
Second section is 2 columns, left for image with padding, right for text
for header and footer, go to Appearance > Customize settings.
You could make this pretty quickly with a block theme, even using the create block theme and starting with a blank theme you could make this pretty quickly.