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Are the images I include in the slides recognized as “images” by Google bots?
Or
Do bots just recognize as shortcode?
This is something you can check for by yourself, by viewing the source code of a page (NOT using the inspector, but by actually viewing the source code). Slideshows print the whole markup.
Also, is it normal that the lightbox doesn’t work for slideshow images?
Yes, that is how it is designed.
Is there any way to change it so that the lightbox works?
No. The “main” (sliding) image in a slideshow is the equivalent of an image in a lightbox, so adding a separate lightbox to it is redundant. If you explicitly want a lightbox, you have to use one of the other layouts.