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I am looking for a way to highlight headings on my blog, in that way so that it appears like this: [https://ibb.co/PGqMDFM]) (see how to colored part appears a little bit lower than the actual text, and it’s also not as big).
Do I need a plugin for this? Or is there an option for this already within WP?
I am looking for a simple way to do this so I can use it all the time.

Just style it with CSS.
Look up pseudo elements like :before and :after.