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At the moment, we’re required to only fix visual bugs and broken links on the website. I was asked if we’d need to create development environments (dev, QA, etc).
We’d need to migrate or copy the templates and database every change as they’re not using GitHub.
Is it a good practice / is viable to do that if we’ll just fix simple bugs?
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It is not viable, no. What you need to do, though, is get the theme on GitHub, so you can keep track of all your changes and be able to roll back or maintain releases.
It can be viable, yes, with some discipline, but would also depend on how busy the website is.
1. Make a backup of the db alone with Updraft or similar (could also include child-theme, etc., if applicable.)
1. Do whatever changes you need to do
1. Test. If something went badly wrong, fix or restore from 1.
1. Make a 2nd copy of the db after the changes, to keep a documented history.