Product Images Not Displaying on Certain Devices – WooCommerce Store Page

I’m experiencing an issue with my WooCommerce store page (product archive) , where product images are not displaying on certain devices. I’ve already tried the following troubleshooting:

• Cleared browser cache and server cache.
• Disabled all plugins and tested one by one.
• Disabled lazy loading.
• Cleared my CDN cache.

I’ve also contacted my page builder (Elementor), and they confirmed there are no issues from their end. However, the problem persists.

Any suggestions on what else I could try? Thanks in advance for your help! 🙂

• This topic was modified 12 hours, 12 minutes ago by celine7.

The page I need help with: [log in to see the link]